Alopecia areata, commonly known as patchy hair loss, is a condition that can cause localized hair loss on the scalp, beard, mustache, eyebrows, eyelashes, and other hairy areas of the body. Depending on the affected area, it may be referred to as “eyebrow alopecia” or “beard alopecia.” This condition typically creates sharply defined, round, coin-sized patches of hair loss, often affecting multiple areas simultaneously. When it impacts the entire scalp, it is called alopecia totalis; if it affects all body hair, it is termed alopecia universalis.

Alopecia areata can affect individuals of any gender, commonly appearing in children and young adults. Although the exact cause is unknown, the widely accepted theory is that the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles. However, the specific reasons for localized hair loss remain unclear. Studies suggest a strong link between alopecia areata and factors such as stress, fear, and emotional distress.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata has distinctive symptoms, with circular patches of hair loss and a shiny, smooth scalp in the affected areas. Diagnosis is typically straightforward, based on medical history and a careful physical examination, allowing for prompt initiation of treatment.

Medical Treatments for Alopecia Areata

As an autoimmune condition closely linked to stress and emotional factors, managing these underlying issues is the first step in treatment. There is a 25-30% chance of spontaneous recovery if the patient’s psychological state improves. Common medical treatments for alopecia areata include:

1. S.A.D.B.E. (Squaric Acid Dibutyl Ester): One of the most effective treatments targeting the root cause, with a success rate of 95%. It should be applied daily for at least three months, with treatment continuing up to one year if necessary.
2. Cortisone: Used to suppress the autoimmune response, cortisone has a success rate of 70% and can be applied as a cream or through injections. Long-lasting cortisone injections (e.g., Diprospan, Depo-Medrol) are preferred, with each injection lasting 15 days. Long-term use is not recommended due to potential skin thinning and indentations.
3. Mesotherapy and PRP: Hair mesotherapy and PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) stimulate blood flow and strengthen hair follicles. When combined with other treatments, they increase the chances of success in alopecia areata treatment.
4. Minoxidil: By increasing blood flow to hair follicles, Minoxidil has a success rate of around 60%. Higher doses may improve effectiveness.
5. Garlic: Applying fresh garlic to the affected area may have a 50% success rate. To achieve results, this should be done 3-4 times a day for at least six months.

Hair Transplantation for Alopecia Areata

Hair transplantation should be considered a last resort for individuals with alopecia areata. A success rate of up to 95% can be achieved with the right medical treatment strategy, often allowing the hair to grow back. If no hair regrowth is observed after at least one year of consistent medical treatment, hair transplantation may be an option.

Research indicates that alopecia areata affects only the specific hair follicles in the affected area, not the region itself. When healthy hair follicles are transplanted from other areas, they typically grow normally in the affected area. Although no specialized technique is required for this procedure, DHI FUE or Sapphire FUE are the preferred methods for effective results. Alopecia areata can also affect other areas, such as the beard, mustache, and eyebrows, where similar treatment methods can be used.

Following a structured and effective treatment plan is essential for achieving a healthy and lasting solution to alopecia areata.